From the Khalkhin Gol Events to the Neutrality Pact: Relations Between the USSR and Japan in the Reports of Soviet Diplomats in Tokyo (1939–1941)
https://doi.org/10.55105/2658-6444-2025-1-73-92
Abstract
In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Soviet-Japanese relations were going through difficult times. The Mongolian issue and border incidents continually worsened bilateral contacts. In a state of hostility and open confrontation, the authorities of both countries detained and rummaged fishing vessels, artificially whipped up spy mania, increased pressure on left-wing elements (Japan) and arrested those who were associated with the enemy side through scientific or other work (the USSR). Limiting himself to two events from Soviet-Japanese history of this time, the author analyzes how Soviet-Japanese relations and the atmosphere of mutual perception changed in the period between the end of the Khalkhin Gol River conflict (1939) and the signing of the Neutrality Pact (1941).
Using reports from employees of the USSR Plenipotentiary Mission in Tokyo as an example, the author examines how Japan’s attempt to begin building “new relations” with the USSR affected the position of Soviet diplomats and influenced the degree and quality of interaction between them and the Japanese.
About the Author
I. A. DegtevRussian Federation
DEGTEV Ivan Andreevich – Post-Graduate student, School of International Relations
References
1. 1941 god: v 2 knigah. Kniga 2. (1998). [1941: In Two Parts. Part 2]. Moscow: International Fund “Democracy”. (In Russian).
2. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki. T. XXII. 1939: v 2-h knigakh. Kniga 2. 1 sentyabrya – 31 dekabrya. (1992). [Documents of Foreign Policy. 1939. Vol. XXII. In Two Books. Book Two. September 1 – December 31]. Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. (In Russian).
3. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki. T. XXIII. 1940 – 22 iyunya 1941: v 2-h knigakh (3-h ch.). Kniga 2 (2). 2 marta – 22 iyunya 1941. (1998). [Documents of Foreign Policy. 1940 – 22 June 1941. Vol. XXIII. In Two Books. Book Two. March 2 – June 22, 1941]. Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. (In Russian).
4. Ermakov, D. N. (2022). Politicheskaya otsenka sobytii Vtoroi Yapono-kitajskoi voiny (1937–1939 gody) v trudakh germanskikh ofitsialnykh voennykh predstavitelei [Political Assessment of the Events of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1939) in the Writings of German Official Military Representatives]. Konfliktologiya / nota bene, 2022, 3, 16–32. (In Russian).
5. Filippov, A. V. (2021). Yaponovedenie v Rossii: traditsii klassiki i trendy peremen [Japanese Studies in Russia: From Its Classical Origins to the Winds of Changing Trends]. Kontury globalnykh transformatsii: politika, ekonomika, pravo, 14 (6), 92–116. (In Russian).
6. Hosoya, C. (1976). The Tripartite Pact, 1939–1940 / Trans. by J. W. Morley. In: Deterrent Diplomacy: Japan, Germany, and the USSR, 1935–1940. New York: Columbia University Press, 179–257.
7. Istoriya voiny na Tikhom okeane. V 5 tomakh. T. 2. Yapono-kitaiskaya voina. (1957). [The History of the Pacific War. In Five Books. Book Two. The Second Sino-Japanese War]. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. (In Russian).
8. Korshenko, S. V. (2018). Obraz Yaponii i yapontsev v sovetskom massovom soznanii nakanune i v period Vtoroi mirovoi voiny [The Image of Japan and the Japanese in the Soviet Mass Consciousness on the Eve and During the Second World War]. (Candidate of Historical Sciences Dissertation). Saint Petersburg. (In Russian).
9. Mileev, D. A. (2017). Otnosheniya Yaponii i Germanii v XX veke: slozhnye poiski modus vivendi [Japanese-German Relations in the Twentieth Century: Complex Searches of Modus Vivendi]. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of RAS. (In Russian).
10. Molodyakov, V. E. (2012). Rossiya i Yaponiya v poiskakh soglasiya (1905– 1945). Geopolitika. Diplomatiya. Lyudi i idei [Russia and Japan in Search of Amity (1905–1945). Geopolitics. Diplomacy. People and Ideas]. Moscow: AIRO-XXI. (In Russian).
11. Russkii arkhiv: Velikaya Otechestvennaya vojna. Sovetsko-yaponskaya vojna. 18 (7–1). Sovetsko-yaponskaya vojna 1945 g. Istoriya voennopoliticheskogo protivoborstva dvukh derzhav v 30–40-e gody: Dokumenty i materialy v 2 t. (1997). [Russian Archive: The Great Patriotic War. The Soviet-Japanese War. 18 (7–1). The Soviet-Japanese War of 1945. The History of the Military-Political Confrontation between the Two Powers in the 30–40s: Documents and Materials. In 2 Vols.]. Moscow: TERRA. (In Russian).
12. SSSR i strany Vostoka nakanune i v gody Vtoroi mirovoi voiny. (2010). [The USSR and the Oriental Countries on the Eve and During the Second World War]. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of RAS. (In Russian).
13. Togo, S. (1996). Vospominaniya yaponskogo diplomata [The Memoirs of a Japanese Diplomat]. Moscow: Novina. (In Russian).
14. Voennaya razvedka informiruet. Dokumenty Razvedupravleniya Krasnoi Armii. Yanvar’ 1939 – iyun’ 1941 g. (2008) [Military Intelligence Informs. Documents of the Red Army Military Intelligence Administration. January 1939 – June 1941]. Moscow: International Fund “Democracy”. (In Russian).
Review
For citations:
Degtev I.A. From the Khalkhin Gol Events to the Neutrality Pact: Relations Between the USSR and Japan in the Reports of Soviet Diplomats in Tokyo (1939–1941). Russian Japanology Review. 2025;8(1):73-92. https://doi.org/10.55105/2658-6444-2025-1-73-92